The Tottenham forward netted in the dramatic 4-2 win over Leicester City on Sunday, while Salah did not find the scoresheet as Liverpool defeated Crystal Palace 2-0.
That meant Kane emerged triumphant from a season-long battle, both players having gone into the final weekend locked on 22 goals.
Kane, who finishes the season with 23 goals from 35 games, also won the Golden boot in 2015-16 and 2016-17 campaigns.
Salah had won the award in 2017-18 and shared it the following season with Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang and Liverpool team-mate Sadio Mane.
But he falls just short of another triumph after netting 22 times from 36 top-flight matches this season.
Jamie Vardy was last season’s winner but it was Manchester United’s Bruno Fernandes who finished third with 18 goals.
Another Tottenham star, Son Heung-min, shares fourth place with Leeds United striker Patrick Bamford on 17.
Dominic Calvert-Lewin (16), Vardy (15), Ollie Watkins (14), Ilkay Gundogan and Alexandre Lacazette (both 13) round out the top 10.
Kane’s accomplishment comes amid huge speculation over his future after he reportedly asked to leave Spurs at the end of the season.
The England captain is now one away from the record of four Golden Boots held by Arsenal great Thierry Henry, with Alan Shearer the only other player to have won it three times in the Premier League era.
Kane also had 14 assists in a fine individual season, giving him 37 total goal involvements, his best-ever return.
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